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Precipitating and predisposing factors for spontaneous pneumomediastinum, as identified at literature review. Precipitating factors refer to recent activities or events leading to the development of pneumomediastinum [3, 5, 13]. Predisposing factors refer to pre-existing conditions which make patients more prone to pneumomediastinum [3, 5, 14].
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Precipitating and predisposing factors for spontaneous pneumomediastinum, as identified at literature review. Precipitating factors refer to recent activities or events leading to the development of pneumomediastinum [3, 5, 13]. Predisposing factors refer to pre-existing conditions which make patients more prone to pneumomediastinum [3, 5, 14].
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Learning Tables

Radiographic signs of pneumomediastinum [adapted from Zylak], identifiable at chest radiography and CT.
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Radiographic signs of pneumomediastinum [adapted from Zylak], identifiable at chest radiography and CT.
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Learning Tables

Summary table of spontaneous Pneumomediastinum [5, 15].
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Summary table of spontaneous Pneumomediastinum [5, 15].
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Learning Tables

Summary table of Achalasia [16].
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Summary table of Achalasia [16].
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Learning Tables

Table of differential diagnosis of spontaneous pneumomediastinum.
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Table of differential diagnosis of spontaneous pneumomediastinum.
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From the manuscript

Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum Due to Achalasia: An Unusual but Benign Cause

Free full text article: Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum Due to Achalasia: An Unusual but Benign Cause

Abstract
Pneumomediastinum is usually first identified radiographically in the emergency department. Distinguishing benign from more ominous causes, such as esophageal rupture, is imperative, particularly in the setting of associated esophageal disease. We describe a case, with correlative imaging, of spontaneous pneumomediastinum as the initial presentation of achalasia. A general discussion of spontaneous pneumomediastinum is also provided, including the pathophysiology, precipitating and predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, role of radiology in the diagnosis as well as the radiographic signs.

References

1. Hamman L. Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema. Bull Johns Hopkins1939;64:1-21.
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